Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Show: 20 | 50 | 100
Results 1 - 20 de 70
Filter
1.
Ciênc. rural (Online) ; 52(2): e20210209, 2022. tab, graf, ilus, mapas
Article in English | VETINDEX, LILACS | ID: biblio-1339658

ABSTRACT

Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) has a considerable economic impact on the pork industry worldwide for more than two decades. In 2016, a new circovirus, porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3), was described; since then, it has been reported to be associated with diseased or even in clinically healthy swine in several countries. Considering the importance of wild boars as reservoirs of swine pathogens and the extensive distribution of these animals in Rio Grande do Sul and throughout the national territory, we searched for PCV2 and PCV3 in twenty-six wild boars coupled with necropsy and histologic examination of the sampled animals. Using PCR, 182 tissue samples were analyzed, including the heart, kidneys, liver, lung, lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils. PCV2 and PCV3 were detected in 57.7% (15/26) and 15.4% (4/26) of wild boars, respectively. Furthermore, co-infection with PCV2 and PCV3 was detected in one of these animals, with PCV2 or PCV3 DNA detection in multiple organs. Histological examination showed mild to moderate and multifocal lymphoplasmacytic interstitial nephritis distributed randomly throughout the renal cortex, apparently unrelated to PCV2 or PCV3 detection. The wild boar population in Brazil is extensive, indicating the presence of a larger number of swine pathogen hosts. In the present study, more than half of the wild boars harbored PCV2; and although less frequently, PCV3 was also detected. Therefore, free-living wild boars can serve as reservoirs of swine circoviruses in southern Brazil.


O circovírus suíno 2 (PCV2) tem causado impacto econômico na indústria suína em todo o mundo por mais de duas décadas. Em 2016, um novo circovírus foi descrito - circovírus suíno 3 (PCV3) - e desde então tem sido relatado em vários países associado a doenças ou mesmo suínos saudáveis. Diante da importância dos javalis como reservatórios de patógenos suínos, e da ampla distribuição desses animais no Rio Grande do Sul e em todo o território nacional, foi realizada pesquisa de PCV2 e PCV3 em vinte e seis javalis (10 fêmeas e 16 machos). Necropsia e exame histológico foram realizados. Utilizando PCR, foram analisadas 182 amostras de tecidos incluindo: coração, rins, fígado, pulmão, linfonodos, baço e tonsila. PCV2 e PCV3 foram detectados por PCR em 57,7% (15/26) e 15,4% (4/26) dos javalis, respectivamente. Um destes animais estava co-infectado por PCV2 e PCV3. O DNA do PCV2 ou PCV3 foi detectado em multiplos órgãos. No exame histológico foi observada nefrite intersticial linfoplasmocitária multifocal leve a moderada, distribuída aleatoriamente pelo córtex renal, aparentemente sem relação com a detecção de DNA viral. A população de javalis no Brasil é extensa, resultando em maior número de hospedeiros para patógenos de suínos. No presente estudo, mais da metade dos javalis capturados abrigavam PCV2 e, embora menos frequente, PCV3 também foi detectado. Os javalis de vida livre podem servir como reservatórios de circovírus suínos no sul do Brasil.


Subject(s)
Animals , Disease Reservoirs/veterinary , Circovirus/isolation & purification , Circoviridae Infections/epidemiology , Sus scrofa/virology , Brazil , Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
2.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 40(2): 129-133, Feb. 2020. tab
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1098445

ABSTRACT

Enterococcus are recognized worldwide as significant nosocomial agents that have been continuously envolving to adapt to different niches and acquire resistance to several antibiotic classes. Vancomycin and gentamicin-resistant strains of E. faecalis and E. faecium have been associated with nosocomial human infections. Some epidemiological studies suggest the participation of pets as reservoirs of vancomycin and gentamicin-resistant Enterococcus strains. However, the role of companion birds as reservoirs of these strains has been poorly studied. In this study, 126 psittacine birds were evaluated and 26.9% carried Enterococcus spp., including the species E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. hirae, E. phoeniculicola, E. gallinarum and E. casseliflavus. The antibiotic resistance profile showed four high-level gentamicin-resistance (HLGR) strains. In addition, two strains presented intermediate levels of vancomycin resistance. Resistant strains were isolated from fecal and oropharynx samples of sick and clinically healthy birds, suggesting that psittacine birds may act as reservoirs of HLGR Enterococcus spp. However, sick birds appear to be more implicated in the enterococci transmission than healthy birds.(AU)


Enterococcus são reconhecidos mundialmente como significantes agentes nosocomiais, que têm continuamente se adaptado a diferentes nichos e adquirido resistência a várias classes de antibióticos. Cepas de E. faecalis e E. faecium vancomicina e gantamicina-resistentes têm sido associadas a infecções nosocomiais em humanos. Alguns estudos epidemiológicos sugerem a participação de aves como reservatórios de cepas de Enterococcus vancomicina e gentamicina-resistentes. Entretanto, a relação das aves de companhia como reservatórios destas cepas tem sido pouco estudada. Neste estudo, 126 psitacídeos foram avaliados, e 26,9% destes eram portadores de Enterococcus spp., incluindo as espécies E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. hirae, E. phoeniculicola, E. gallinarum e E. casseliflavus. O perfil de resistência antibiótica mostrou quatro cepas com alto nível de resistência a gentamicina (ANRG). Além de duas cepas com nível intermediário de resistência a vancomicina. As cepas resistentes foram isoladas de amostras fecais e de orofaringe de aves doentes e clinicamente saudáveis, sugerindo que psitacídeos podem estar atuando como reservatórios para Enterococcus spp. com ANRG. Contudo, Aves doentes parecem estar mais relacionadas à transmissão de enterococcus, do que aves saudáveis.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Parrots/microbiology , Disease Reservoirs/veterinary , Gentamicins , Vancomycin Resistance , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Pets/microbiology , Enterococcus/isolation & purification
3.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 53: e20190511, 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | SES-SP, ColecionaSUS, LILACS | ID: biblio-1136814

ABSTRACT

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The Amazon tropical rainforest has the most dense and diverse ecosystem worldwide. A few studies have addressed rodent-borne diseases as potential hazards to humans in this region. METHODS: A retrospective survey was conducted using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting mammarenavirus and orthohantavirus antibodies in 206 samples collected from rural settlers of the Brazilian Western Amazonian region. RESULTS: Six (2.91%) individuals in the age group of 16 to 36 years were found to possess antibodies against mammarenavirus. CONCLUSION: Evidence of previous exposure to mammarenavirus in the rural population points to its silent circulation in this region.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Young Adult , Arenaviridae/immunology , Rodentia/virology , Disease Reservoirs/veterinary , Orthohepadnavirus/immunology , Arenaviridae Infections/epidemiology , Hepatitis, Viral, Human/epidemiology , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Arenaviridae/classification , Rodentia/classification , Rural Population , Socioeconomic Factors , Brazil/epidemiology , Retrospective Studies , Orthohepadnavirus/classification , Arenaviridae Infections/diagnosis , Arenaviridae Infections/transmission , Hepatitis, Viral, Human/diagnosis , Hepatitis, Viral, Human/transmission , Middle Aged
4.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 53: e20190169, 2020.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1057265

ABSTRACT

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Leishmania infantum was considered to be absent from Amapá until 2017 when canine infection was detected. However, there is a lack of knowledge about which reservoir species are involved in transmission in this region. METHODS: Between 2014 and 2016, 86 samples from wild mammals and 74 from domestic dogs were collected in Wajãpi Indigenous Territory and were tested for the presence of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of Leishmania. RESULTS: The DNA of Le. infantum was detected in two rodent samples, Dasyprocta sp. and Proechimys cuvieri. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first evidence characterizing a sylvatic transmission cycle of Le. infantum in the State of Amapá.


Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Rodentia/parasitology , Disease Reservoirs/veterinary , Leishmania infantum/genetics , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , DNA, Protozoan , Leishmania infantum/isolation & purification , Dog Diseases/parasitology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/transmission
5.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 29(2): e016919, 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1138076

ABSTRACT

Abstract Dogs have been implicated as main reservoirs for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in urban areas. Therefore, studies on this species provide important data for public health. Thus, the objective of the present study was to ascertain the seroprevalence of canine VL (CVL) and the associated factors in the Brejo Paraibano microregion, northeastern Brazil. A total of 409 dogs were sampled from the eight municipalities of the microregion: Alagoa Grande, Alagoa Nova, Areia, Bananeiras, Borborema, Matinhas, Pilões and Serraria. The diagnosis of CVL was made using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA S7®), through which the prevalence observed was 29.3%. By robust Poisson regression analysis two factors were associated with seroprevalence: illiterate/incomplete elementary owner's education level (prevalence ratio = 1.57; 95% CI = 1.05-2.34; p-value = 0.027) and tick infestation (prevalence ratio = 1.82; 95% CI = 1.27-2.61; p-value = 0.001). It is concluded that the seroprevalence of CVL in the Brejo Paraibano microregion is high. The factors associated with seroprevalence indicated the importance to develop socioeducational actions on the population, and the finding that tick infestation was associated with seroprevalence shows that there is a need for investigation regarding the role of ticks in the epidemiology of CVL.


Resumo Os cães são apontados como principais reservatórios da leishmaniose visceral (LV) em áreas urbanas. Portanto, estudos com essa espécie fornecem dados importantes para a saúde pública. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a soroprevalência da leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) e os fatores associados na microrregião do Brejo Paraibano, Nordeste do Brasil. Foram amostrados 409 cães dos oito municípios da microrregião: Alagoa Grande, Alagoa Nova, Areia, Bananeiras, Borborema, Matinhas, Pilões e Serraria. O diagnóstico de LVC foi realizado com o ensaio imunoenzimático (kit ELISA S7®), no qual a prevalência observada foi de 29,3%. Pela análise de regressão de Poisson robusta, dois fatores foram associados à soroprevalência: proprietário analfabeto ou com ensino fundamental incompleto (razão de prevalência = 1,57; IC 95% = 1,05-2,34; p-valor = 0,027) e infestação de carrapatos (razão de prevalência = 1,82; IC 95% = 1,27-2,61; p-valor = 0,001). Conclui-se que a soroprevalência da LVC na microrregião Brejo Paraibano é alta. Os fatores associados à soroprevalência indicaram a importância do desenvolvimento de ações socioeducativas na população, e a associação da infestação de carrapatos com a soroprevalência mostra que há necessidade de investigação sobre o papel dos carrapatos na epidemiologia da LVC.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Female , Dogs , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology , Tick Infestations/veterinary , Brazil/epidemiology , Disease Reservoirs/parasitology , Disease Reservoirs/veterinary , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Dog Diseases/parasitology , Dog Diseases/blood , Educational Status , Animal Distribution , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/blood , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary
6.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 26(1): 17-27, Jan.-Mar. 2017. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-844132

ABSTRACT

Abstract This study aimed to detect parasites from Leishmania genus, to determine the prevalence of anti-Leishmania spp. antibodies, to identify circulating species of the parasite, and to determine epidemiological variables associated with infection in rats caught in urban area of Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. Animal capture was carried out from May to December 2006, serological and molecular methods were performed. DNA was extracted from total blood, and nested-PCR, targeting SSu rRNA from Leishmania genus, was performed in triplicate. The positive samples were sequenced twice by Sanger method to species determination. In total, 181 rodents were captured, all were identified as Rattus rattus and none showed clinical alterations. Forty-one of the 176 (23.3%) animals were positive for Leishmania by ELISA and 6/181 (3.3%) were positive by IFAT. Nine of 127 tested animals (7.1%) were positive by PCR; seven were identified as L. (L.) amazonensis, one as L. (L.) infantum. Four rats were positive using more than one test. This was the first description of synanthropic rodents naturally infected by L. (L.) amazonensis (in the world) and by L. (L.) infantum (in South Brazil). Regarding L. (L.) amazonensis, this finding provides new evidence of the urbanization of this etiological agent.


Resumo Esse estudo objetivou detectar parasitos do gênero Leishmania, determinar a prevalência de anticorpos anti-Leishmania spp., identificar as espécies circulantes do parasito e determinar variáveis epidemiológicas associadas com a infecção em ratos capturados em área urbana de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. A captura dos animais ocorreu de maio a dezembro de 2006, métodos sorológicos e moleculares foram realizados. O DNA foi extraído do sangue total, uma nested-PCR cujo alvo foi o gene SSu rRNA do gênero Leishmania, foi realizado em triplicata. As amostras positivas foram sequenciadas duas vezes pelo método de Sanger para a determinação da espécie. No total, 181 roedores foram capturados, todos foram identificados como Rattus rattus e nenhum apresentou alterações clínicas. Quarenta e um dos 176 (23,3%) animais foram positivos no ELISA para Leishmania e 6/181 (3,3%) foram positivos na RIFI. Nove dos 127 animais testados (7,1%) foram positivos na PCR; sete foram identificadas como L. (L.) amazonensis, um como L. (L.) infantum. Quatro ratos foram positivos em mais de um teste. Essa é a primeira descrição de roedores sinantrópicos naturalmente infectados por L. (L.) amazonensis (no mundo) e por L. (L.) infantum (no Sul do Brasil). Com relação a L. (L.) amazonensis, esse resultado é uma nova evidência da urbanização desse agente etiológico.


Subject(s)
Animals , Rats/parasitology , Disease Reservoirs/veterinary , Antibodies, Protozoan/blood , Leishmania/isolation & purification , Urbanization , Brazil , Disease Reservoirs/parasitology , Leishmania infantum/isolation & purification , Leishmania infantum/immunology , Leishmania/immunology
7.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; 68(4): 927-930, jul.-ago. 2016. ilus
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: lil-792467

ABSTRACT

Cutaneous leishmaniasis has several species of Leishmania as agents, and a wide variety of wild and domestic animals as hosts and different species of phlebotomines as vectors. A case of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a dog coming from an agricultural settlement is described. This is the first report of parasitism in a dog by Le. (Viannia) braziliensis in Mato Grosso do Sul State. Attention is called to the importance of including this protozoonosis in the differential diagnosis of dermopathies in dogs as also the need to assess the importance of the domestic dog as a possible reservoir of Le. braziliensis.(AU)


As leishmanioses tegumentares são antropozoonoses metaxênicas de importância em saúde pública. Possuem como agentes etiológicos várias espécies de Leishmania, com ampla variedade de hospedeiros, como animais selvagens e domésticos, e diferentes espécies de flebotomíneos como vetores. Um caso de leishmaniose tegumentar em um cão procedente de um assentamento agrícola em Mato Grosso do Sul é descrito, sendo este o primeiro relato de parasitismo em cão doméstico nesse estado por Le. (Viannia) braziliensis. Alerta-se para a importância de se incluir essa protozoonose no diagnóstico diferencial de dermopatias em cães e para a necessidade de se avaliar o papel do cão doméstico como reservatório de Le. (Vi.) braziliensis.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Female , Adolescent , Dogs , Disease Reservoirs/veterinary , Disease Vectors , Leishmania braziliensis , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/veterinary , Leishmania mexicana , Skin Ulcer/veterinary
8.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 32(6): e00087415, 2016. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-785255

ABSTRACT

Resumo: A expansão das áreas de transmissão de leishmaniose visceral (LV) traz questionamentos sobre as estratégias de controle empregadas no Brasil. As diretrizes do Programa de Vigilância e Controle da Leishmaniose Visceral (PVCLV) estão centradas na diminuição da morbidade e letalidade, controle do reservatório e dos vetores e na educação em saúde. Este artigo buscou avaliar as dificuldades na execução das ações preconizadas pelo PVCLC, segundo os seus coordenadores em municípios brasileiros de grande porte com transmissão canina e/ou humana (Campinas, Bauru, Goiânia, Campo Grande, Fortaleza e Belo Horizonte). Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas, sendo os principais problemas identificados: descontinuidade das atividades de controle, resistência dos proprietários de cães com indicação de eutanásia e baixa cobertura do controle químico. Como conclusão, as entrevistas mostraram que inúmeros fatores impedem o cumprimento das atividades propostas pelo PVCLC, ficando clara a necessidade de reavaliação da política brasileira de controle de LV.


Abstract: The expansion of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) transmission areas in Brazil raises questions concerning the country's control strategies. The guidelines of the Brazilian Visceral Leishmaniasis Control Program (PVCLC) focus on decreases in morbidity and case-fatality, reservoir and vector control, and health education. This article assesses difficulties in implementing the measures recommended by the PVCLC, according to the program's coordinators in large cities with canine and/or human transmission (Campinas, Bauru, Goiânia, Campo Grande, Fortaleza, and Belo Horizonte). Semi-structured interviews identified the following main problems: discontinuity of control activities, resistance to canine euthanasia by dog owners, and low coverage of chemical vector control. Conclusion: the interviews revealed numerous obstacles to implementation of the measures proposed by the PVCLC and a clear need to reassess Brazil's VL policy.


Resumen: La expansión de las áreas de transmisión de leishmaniasis visceral (LV) plantea cuestiones sobre las estrategias de control empleadas en Brasil. Las directrices del Programa Brasileño de Control de la Leishmaniasis Visceral (PVCLC) están centradas en la disminución de la morbilidad y letalidad, control de reservorios y vectores, mediante la educación en salud. Este artículo procuró evaluar las dificultades en la ejecución de las acciones preconizadas por el PVCLC, según los coordinadores de este programa, en municipios brasileños de grandes dimensiones, donde ha existido transmisión canina y/o humana (Campinas, Bauru, Goiânia, Campo Grande, Fortaleza y Belo Horizonte). Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas, siendo los siguientes los principales problemas identificados: discontinuidad de las actividades de control, resistencia por parte de los propietarios de perros con indicación de eutanasia y baja cobertura de control químico. Como conclusión, las entrevistas mostraron que factores innumerables impiden el cumplimiento de las actividades propuestas por el PVCLC, quedando clara la necesidad de una reevaluación de la política brasileña sobre la LV.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Dogs , Communicable Disease Control/methods , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/prevention & control , Brazil/epidemiology , Disease Reservoirs/veterinary , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Incidence , Surveys and Questionnaires , Dog Diseases/parasitology , Dog Diseases/prevention & control , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/epidemiology , Animals, Domestic/parasitology
9.
The Korean Journal of Parasitology ; : 87-91, 2016.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-36477

ABSTRACT

Deer serve as reservoirs of tick-borne pathogens that impact on medical and veterinary health worldwide. In the Republic of Korea, the population of Korean water deer (KWD, Hydropotes inermis argyropus) has greatly increased from 1982 to 2011, in part, as a result of reforestation programs established following the Korean War when much of the land was barren of trees. Eighty seven Haemaphysalis flava, 228 Haemaphysalis longicornis, 8 Ixodes nipponensis, and 40 Ixodes persulcatus (21 larvae, 114 nymphs, and 228 adults) were collected from 27 out of 70 KWD. A total of 89/363 ticks (266 pools, 24.5% minimum infection rate) and 5 (1.4%) fed ticks were positive for Anaplasma phagocytophilum using nested PCR targeting the 16S rRNA and groEL genes, respectively. The 16S rRNA gene fragment sequences of 88/89 (98.9%) of positive samples for A. phagocytophilum corresponded to previously described gene sequences from KWD spleen tissues. The 16S rRNA gene fragment sequences of 20/363 (5.5%) of the ticks were positive for A. bovis and were identical to previously reported sequences. Using the ITS specific nested PCR, 11/363 (3.0%) of the ticks were positive for Bartonella spp. This is the first report of Anaplasma and Bartonella spp. detected in ticks collected from KWD, suggesting that ticks are vectors of Anaplasma and Bartonella spp. between reservoir hosts in natural surroundings.


Subject(s)
Animals , Anaplasma/genetics , Arachnid Vectors/microbiology , Bartonella/genetics , Chaperonin 60/genetics , Deer/parasitology , Disease Reservoirs/veterinary , RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics , Republic of Korea/epidemiology , Ticks/microbiology
10.
Rev. bras. parasitol. vet ; 24(4): 402-409, Oct.-Dec. 2015. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-770319

ABSTRACT

Abstract One of the measures to control visceral leishmaniosis (VL) in Brazil is the identification and culling of the canine reservoir. There is much controversy concerning this strategy, including the proper identification of positive dogs and the fact that the host-parasite relationship changes over time make it more challenging. A dynamic cohort of 62 dogs was followed every three months using serological and parasitological examinations and PCR. Positivity by PCR was higher than by serology and by parasitological examinations and showed a tendency to decrease over time, while serology tended to increase after six months. Concomitant positivity in all tests was observed in 10.4% of the samples, and negativity in 29.1%. Overall sensitivity ranged from 43.6 to 64.1%, and was not uniform over time. The proportion of dogs with or without clinical signs was not different by cytology or PCR but PCR was able to identify a larger number of asymptomatic dogs compared to ELISA and immunochromatography. PCR can be useful for surveillance of areas where cases of canine VL have not yet been detected and in which control strategies can be implemented to limit the spread of the disease. Despite the advance in diagnostic tools CVL diagnosis remains a challenge.


Resumo Uma das medidas de controle da leishmaniose visceral (LV) no Brasil se baseia na identificação e eliminação do reservatório canino. Existe considerável controvérsia relativa a esta estratégia incluindo a correta identificação dos cães positivos e a variação temporal da relação hospedeiro-parasita, o que torna esta medida ainda mais desafiadora. Uma coorte dinâmica de 62 cães foi acompanhada trimestralmente utilizando-se métodos sorológicos, parasitológicos e a PCR. A taxa de positividade por PCR foi maior em comparação à dos métodos sorológicos e parasitológicos, e mostrou tendência à diminuição com o passar do tempo, enquanto que a positividade sorológica apresentou tendência a aumento, após seis meses. Observou-se positividade concomitante em todos os testes em 10,4% das amostras e, negatividade concomitante, em 29,1%. A sensibilidade geral variou de 43,6% a 64,1%, não sendo uniforme ao longo do estudo. A proporção de cães com e sem sinais clínicos que foram positivos ao exame parasitológico ou à PCR não foi estatisticamente diferente. Contudo, foi possível identificar como positivos um maior número de animais assintomáticos por meio da técnica de PCR, em comparação aos testes ELISA e imunocromatográfico. A PCR pode ser bastante útil para a vigilância epidemiológica de áreas onde casos de LV canina ainda não tenham sido descritos e onde estratégias de controle podem ser implantadas para limitar a disseminação da doença. Não obstante o avanço nas ferramentas diagnósticas, diagnosticar a LVC continua um desafio.


Subject(s)
Animals , Disease Reservoirs/veterinary , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary , Brazil , Disease Reservoirs/parasitology , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary , Longitudinal Studies , Dog Diseases/parasitology , Dog Diseases/blood , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/diagnosis
11.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 48(3): 272-277, May-Jun/2015. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-749866

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Leptospirosis is a re-emerging zoonotic disease of humans and animals worldwide. The disease is caused by pathogenic species of the genus Leptospira. These organisms are maintained in nature via chronic renal infection of carrier animals, which excrete the organisms in their urine. Humans become infected through direct or indirect exposure to infected animals and their urine or through contact with contaminated water and soil. This study was conducted to investigate Leptospira infections as a re-emerging zoonosis that has been neglected in Egypt. METHODS: Samples from 1,250 animals (270 rats, 168 dogs, 625 cows, 26 buffaloes, 99 sheep, 14 horses, 26 donkeys and 22 camels), 175 human contacts and 45 water sources were collected from different governorates in Egypt. The samples were collected from different body sites and prepared for culture, PCR and the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). RESULTS: The isolation rates of Leptospira serovars were 6.9%, 11.3% and 1.1% for rats, dogs and cows, respectively, whereas the PCR results revealed respective detection rates of 24%, 11.3% and 1.1% for rats, dogs and cows. Neither the other examined animal species nor humans yielded positive results via these two techniques. Only six Leptospira serovars (Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona, Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Celledoni and Pyrogenes) could be isolated from rats, dogs and cows. Moreover, the seroprevalence of leptospiral antibodies among the examined humans determined using MAT was 49.7%. CONCLUSIONS: The obtained results revealed that rats, dogs and cows were the most important animal reservoirs for leptospirosis in Egypt, and the high seroprevalence among human contacts highlights the public health implications of this neglected zoonosis. .


Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Dogs , Humans , Rats , Disease Reservoirs/veterinary , Leptospirosis/epidemiology , Leptospirosis/veterinary , Zoonoses/epidemiology , Agglutination Tests/veterinary , Antibodies, Bacterial/blood , Buffaloes , Camelus , Communicable Diseases, Emerging , Disease Reservoirs/statistics & numerical data , Equidae , Egypt/epidemiology , Leptospira/genetics , Leptospira/immunology , Leptospirosis/diagnosis , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Prevalence , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Sheep , Zoonoses/microbiology
12.
Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis ; 15(11): 694-700, 2015.
Article in English | LILACS, SES-SP, SESSP-IALPROD, SES-SP, SESSP-IALACERVO | ID: biblio-1022067

ABSTRACT

Arenavirus Sabiá was originally isolated from a fatal human infection in Brazil, and after the occurrence of the second fatal human case in São Paulo state, epidemiologic and virologic studies were performed in the area where the patient lived, aiming at the identification of the Sabiá natural rodent reservoir. A broadly cross-reactive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to screen for antibody-positive samples. Antibodies to arenavirus were detected in two of the 55 samples of Calomys tener, and from these results, samples of rodents were analyzed by a broad RT-PCR assay. RT-PCR amplification detected arenavirus sequences in five of the 55 C. tener samples, and sequencing showed that this virus is a distinct form of Sabiá virus. Thus, we describe here the evidence for the circulation of a new arenavirus in Brazil (proposed name Pinhal virus) and its genetic characterization compared to other arenaviruses. This study also suggests C. tener as a probable rodent reservoir for this virus and associates this new virus with the lineage C of New World arenaviruses. Although we have defined some characteristics of this virus, so far, there is no evidence of its involvement in human disease.


Subject(s)
Phylogeny , Brazil/epidemiology , Disease Reservoirs/veterinary , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Sigmodontinae/virology , Arenaviruses, New World/isolation & purification , Arenaviruses, New World/classification , Arenaviruses, New World/genetics , Arenaviridae Infections/veterinary , Arenaviridae Infections/virology , Animals , Antibodies, Viral/blood
13.
São Paulo; s.n; 2015. 110 p.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-772907

ABSTRACT

As leishmanioses são doenças que se apresentam como um sério obstáculo ao desenvolvimento socioeconômico. A leishmaniose visceral americana (LVA) tem como agente etiológico a Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi, como reservatório doméstico principal o cão e os vetores são flebotomíneos (Diptera:Psychodidae). Objetivo: investigar a vulnerabilidade do município de São Paulo para a ocorrência de LVA, utilizando os parâmetros de casos humanos notificados, presença do vetor e infecção em reservatórios domésticos. Método: A área de estudo compreende a região dos distritos administrativos do Anhanguera, Jaraguá e Perus (município de São Paulo) que incluem o Parque do Anhanguera e o Parque estadual do Jaraguá. A justificativa para o estudo nessa área é o eixo viário oeste-leste de expansão da LVA no estado de São Paulo. Foram levantados notificações humanas de LVA entre os anos de 2007 a 2014, para análise espacial pelos programas SaTScan e Terra View, num total de 140 e nenhuma dessas é considerada autóctone. Realizamos levantamento entomológico nos parques Anhanguera e Jaraguá. A análise estatística foi realizada pelos cálculos da Média geométrica de Williams, pelo índice de diversidade de Shannon-Weaver (H) e a dominância pelo índice de Pielou (J) também foi calculado o índice de Abundância de espécies padronizado (IAEP). Realizamos inquérito canino amostral e obtivemos 126 amostras de sangue canino que foram submetidas aos testes EIE. Foram colhidas amostras de Swab bucal do cão sororreagente e contactantes, as quais foram analisadas por PCR (RFLP), juntamente ás amostras de coágulos sanguíneos dos cães dos parques Anhanguera e Jaraguá num total de 31 amostras...


The leishmaniases are diseases which are a serious obstacle to social economic development. American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) has Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi as its etiological agent, the domestic dog is its main reservoir and sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) its vectors. Objective: to investigate the vulnerability of São Paulo municipality to the occurrence of AVL, using the parameters of notified human cases, the presence of the vector and infection in domestic reservoirs. Method: The study area covers the region of the distinct administrative districts of Anhanguera, Jaraguá and Perus (São Paulo municipality) which include the Parque do Anhanguera and the Parque Estadual do Jaraguá. The reason for undertaking the study in this area is the existence of the roads linking the west and east of São Paulo state along which AVL has expanded eastwards. A survey was made of the 140 human cases (none of which was considered autochthonous) of AVL notified from 2007 to 2014, for the spatial analysis of the SaTScan and Terra View programs. An entomological survey was conducted in the two parks mentioned. The statistical analyses of the insects were undertaken using Williams geometrical means, Shannon-Weavers diversity index (H), Pielous evenness index (J) and the standardized species abundance index (SSAI). A canine sampling inquiry was conducted and 126 blood samples were submitted to the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) test. A total of five samples of mouth swabs of the serum positive dog and four of its contacts and also blood clot samples of a total of 26 dogs from the two parks were analyzed by PCR (RFLP)...


Subject(s)
Animals , Animals, Domestic , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary , Metropolitan Zones , Disease Reservoirs/veterinary , Brazil , Leishmania infantum , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous
14.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 109(8): 1041-1044, 12/2014. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-732599

ABSTRACT

The Iberian wolf (Canis lupus) is the top predator in the Iberian environments in which it lives, feeding on a wide range of species, thus encountering a wide range of disease agents. Therefore, the wolf can serve as sentinel of environmental contamination with pathogens. We investigated the exposure of free-living wolves to 14 serovars of Leptospira interrogans sensu lato. Kidney samples from 49 wolves collected from 2010-2013 in northwestern Spain were analysed by culture, direct immunofluorescence and polymerase chain reaction. Tissue fluids were analysed for antibodies by a microscopic agglutination test. Ten wolves (observed prevalence: 20%, 95% confidence interval = 11-33%) showed evidence of contact with leptospires, eight through direct detection and nine through serology (7 wolves were positive according to both techniques). Titres below the cut-off level were also detected in seven cases. Serovars confirmed were Canicola (n = 4), Icterohaemorrhagiae (n = 3) and Sejroë, Ballum and Grippotyphosa (n = 1 each), indicating that wolves were infected with serovars for which dogs, rodents and ungulates, are the natural hosts and supporting the utility of the wolf and other large predators as environmental sentinels for pathogens.


Subject(s)
Animals , Food Contamination/analysis , Leptospirosis/veterinary , Predatory Behavior , Sentinel Surveillance/veterinary , Wolves/microbiology , Disease Reservoirs/veterinary , Ecosystem , Food Microbiology/methods , Kidney/microbiology , Leptospira interrogans/immunology , Leptospirosis/epidemiology , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Serogroup , Spain/epidemiology
15.
Rio de Janeiro; s.n; 2013. ilus, tab, graf.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-681310

ABSTRACT

Escherichia coli produtora da toxina Shiga (STEC) é agente de diarreia esporádica e de epidemias, podendo ocasionar quadros clínicos graves em seres humanos. A habilidade de STEC em causar doenças severas em seres humanos está relacionada com a sua capacidade de secretar as toxinas Stx1, Stx2 e/ou variantes toxigênicas. Outro fator de virulência de STEC é a intimina, codificada pelo gene eae e associada com aderência íntima, inicialização das vias de transdução de sinais e formação da lesão intestinal íntima. Algumas STEC também produzem enterohemolisina, codificada pelo gene ehxA, que tem sido associada com doença severa em seres humanos. Bovinos constituem seu principal reservatório assumindo papel relevante na infecção dos seres humanos. Características de manejo do animal sugerem conferir fatores de risco para a excreção desses patógenos. O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar a prevalência e as características biogenéticas de Escherichia coli carreadora dos genes stx (STEC), isoladas de amostras fecais de bovinos, com e sem diarréia, de regiões agropecuárias localizadas nos estados do Rio de Janeiro e Rondônia. Para atingir a presente proposta, 301 isolados de E. coli provenientes de ambas as regiões, foram submetidos a análises moleculares baseadas em ensaios de amplificação visando o diagnóstico de E. coli carreadora do gene stx, seu potencial de patogenicidade e diversidade genética. (...)


A análise do genoma total empregando ensaios de amplificação randômica do DNA polimórfico revelou uma elevada diversidade genética entre as amostras de E. coli carreadoras do gene stx sugerindo constituir uma população bacteriana de origem não-clonal. Nossos resultados nos levam a concluir que a maior prevalência de STEC em Rondônia, possivelmente reflete as condições mais precárias de suas propriedades rurais. O isolamento de STEC de bovinos clinicamente sadios reforça o reconhecido papel desses animais como reservatórios assintomáticos. Nossos resultados contribuíram para o esclarecimento sobre a epidemiologia das STEC em especial, no estado de Rondônia, onde as informações sobre a circulação deste patógeno ainda são limitadas. Esses achados salientam a necessidade de manter uma vigilância epidemiológica ativa, em especial no que diz respeito a estudos sobre reservatórios e atributos de virulência bacteriana.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle/microbiology , Escherichia coli/genetics , Shiga Toxin/genetics , Genetic Markers , Prevalence , Disease Reservoirs/veterinary
16.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 29(2): 200-206, abr. 2012. ilus, graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-627234

ABSTRACT

Oligoryzomys longicaudatus is the main reservoir of Andes virus (AND), which causes hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in Patagonia. The factors associated with the presence of antibodies against AND in this species are unknown. This study used a logistic regression model to analyze which characteristics of O. longicaudatus, captured in northern Argentinean Patagonia, led to an increased probability of an animal having antibodies against AND and to relate these characteristics to possible mechanisms of transmission of the virus within the population. Sex, age, body mass, and wounds were important predictors regarding the presence of antibodies against AND within O. longicaudatus populations. The probability of a wounded male O. longicaudatus adult having AND antibodies increased in parallel with the body mass. The probability of having antibodies was more than 80% in individuals with body masses above 44 gram. However, the possible transmission mechanism of AND within O. longicaudatus population is still uncertain and further studies involving a larger number of individuals and prolonged monitoring including the process of seroconversion are needed.


Oligoryzomys longicaudatus es el principal reservorio del virus Andes Sur (AND) causante del síndrome pulmonar por hantavirus en la Patagonia. Aún se desconoce qué características individuales están asociadas a una mayor presencia de anticuerpos contra AND en esta especie. En este estudio, mediante un modelo de regresión logística evaluamos qué características de O. longicaudatus, capturados en la Patagonia norte de Argentina, incrementan la probabilidad de un individuo de presentar anticuerpos contra AND para relacionarlos con posibles mecanismos de transmisión del virus dentro de la población. El sexo, la edad, la masa corporal y las heridas resultaron factores importantes para la circulación y persistencia del virus dentro de la población de O. longicaudatus. La probabilidad de que un O. longicaudatus, macho, adulto con heridas presente anticuerpos contra AND aumentó con el incremento de la masa corporal, siendo esta probabilidad mayor al 80% en individuos con masas corporales mayores a 44 g. Sin embargo, el posible mecanismo de transmisión de AND dentro de la población de O. longicaudatus queda aún incierto, por lo que son necesarios estudios futuros que involucren un mayor número de individuos y un tiempo prolongado de seguimiento en su proceso de seroconversión.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Disease Reservoirs/veterinary , Hantavirus Infections/veterinary , Orthohantavirus/immunology , Rodent Diseases/virology , Sigmodontinae/virology , Argentina , Body Mass Index , Disease Reservoirs/virology , Hantavirus Infections/immunology , Logistic Models , Retrospective Studies , Rodent Diseases/immunology , Seasons , Seroepidemiologic Studies
17.
Ces med. vet. zootec ; 6(2): 61-72, jul.-dic. 2011. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-648239

ABSTRACT

En la ciudad de Florencia (Caquetá, Colombia), se practicaron pruebas dérmicas de detección de tuberculosis(tuberculinización) a 20 especímenes de primates adultos de las especies Lagothrix lagothricha, Ateles belzebuth,Aotus vociferans, Cebus paella, Cebus albifrons, Saimiri sciureus and Saguinus fuscicollis mantenidos en cautiverio por algunos pobladores. A cada espécimen se le practicó inoculación intradérmica de 0,1 ml de Derivado Protéico Purificado (PPD Bovina) en la región abdominal, con seguimiento a las 24, 48 y 72 horas. Al finalizar elseguimiento, ninguno de los especímenes presentó reacción positiva a la prueba, lo que determina la no prevalencia de tuberculosis dentro de la población muestreada.


In the city of Florencia (Caquetá, Colombia), intradermal tuberculosis skin tests (tuberculization) were performed on 20 specimens of adult primates of the species Lagothrix lagothricha, Ateles belzebuth, Aotus vociferans, Cebus paella, Cebus albifrons, Saimiri sciureus and Saguinus fuscicollis held captive by some villagers. Each specimenwas intradermally inoculated with 0.1 ml of purified protein derivative (PPD skin test) in the abdominal region, andmonitored at 24, 48 and 72 hours. At the end of monitoring, none of the specimens demonstrated a positive reaction to the test, which determines the non-prevalence of tuberculosis within the sampled population.


Na cidade de Florencia (Caquetá, Colômbia), testes dérmicos de detecção de tuberculose (tuberculinização) foramrealizados em 20 espécimes de primatas adultos das espécies Lagothrix lagothricha, Ateles bezebuth, Vociferansaotus, Cebus paella, Cebus albifrons, Saimiri sciureus e Saguinus fuscicollis mantido em cativeiro por algunsmoradores. Cada espécime foi inoculado intra-dérmicamente com 0,1 ml de Derivado de Proteína Purificada (PPDbovina) na região abdominal, com seguimento em 24, 48 e 72 horas. No final do seguimento, nenhum dos espécimesmostrou reação positiva ao teste, que determina a não-prevalência de tuberculose entre a população amostrada.


Subject(s)
Animals , Epidemiology , Primate Diseases/transmission , Mycobacterium Infections/veterinary , Mycobacterium , Tuberculosis/diagnosis , Zoonoses/epidemiology , Zoonoses/transmission , Prevalence , Disease Reservoirs/veterinary , Saimiri
18.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 44(5): 576-581, Sept.-Oct. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-602899

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: This work was an epidemiological investigation of the risk of Trypanosoma cruzi transmission in the rural Quilombola community of Furnas do Dionízio, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. METHODS: Of the 71 animals examined, seven were captured (two opossums, Didelphis albiventris; four rats, Rattus rattus; and one nine-banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus) and 64 were domestic (one canine, Canis familiaris; five pigs, Sus scrofa; two bovines, Bos taurus; five caprines, Capra sp.; and 51 ovines, Ovis aries). Parasitological tests were performed to detect parasites in the blood and to identify the morphology of flagellates. These methods included fresh examinations, buffy coat tests and blood cultures. Molecular analysis of DNA for identification of trypanosomatids was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers S35 and S36. RESULTS: The parasitological tests showed flagellates in an opossum and two cattle. The molecular tests showed DNA from T. cruzi in an opossum and a pig. Triatoma sordida was the only triatomine species found in the community, and it colonized households (four specimens) and the surrounding areas (124 specimens). Twenty-three specimens tested positive for flagellates, which were subsequently identified as T. cruzi by PCR. CONCLUSIONS: Data analysis demonstrated that T. cruzi has a peridomestic life cycle that involves both domestic and wild mammals.


INTRODUÇÃO: Este trabalho foi uma investigação epidemiológica do risco de transmissão de Trypanosoma cruzi na comunidade rural Quilombola de Furnas do Dionízio, Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. MÉTODOS: Dos 71 animais examinados, sete foram capturados (dois gambás, Didelphis albiventris; quatro ratos, Rattus rattus; e um tatu, Dasypus novemcinctus) e 64 eram domésticos (um canídeo, Canis familiaris; cinco suínos, Sus scrofa; dois bovinos, Bos taurus; cinco caprinos, Capra sp; e 51 ovinos, Ovis aries). Exames parasitológicos foram realizados para detectar parasitas no sangue e para identificar a morfologia dos flagelados. Estes métodos incluíram exame a fresco, exame do creme leucocitário e hemocultura. A análise molecular de DNA para identificação de tripanossomatídeos encontrados foi feita pela reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) com os primers S35 e S36. RESULTADOS: Os exames parasitológicos mostraram flagelados em um gambá e nos dois bovinos. Os testes moleculares mostraram a presença do DNA de T. cruzi em um gambá e um suíno. Triatoma sordida foi a única espécie de triatomíneo encontrada na comunidade colonizando domicílio (quatro espécimes) e peridomicílio (124 espécimes). Vinte e três amostras foram positivas para flagelados e identificados como T. cruzi pela PCR. CONCLUSÕES: A análise dos dados aponta para o ciclo peridoméstico do parasita e envolve tanto animais domésticos como selvagens.


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Animals, Domestic/parasitology , Animals, Wild/parasitology , Disease Reservoirs/veterinary , Triatominae/parasitology , Trypanosoma cruzi/genetics , Black People , Brazil , Chagas Disease/transmission , DNA, Protozoan/analysis , Insect Vectors/parasitology , Mammals , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Risk Factors , Rural Population , Trypanosoma cruzi/isolation & purification
19.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 106(4): 441-444, June 2011.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-592186

ABSTRACT

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease affecting most mammals and is distributed throughout the world. Several species of domestic and wild animals may act as reservoirs for this disease. The purpose of this study was to assess the exposure of free-ranging wild carnivores, horses and domestic dogs on a private reserve located in the northern Pantanal (Brazil) and the surrounding areas to Leptospira spp from 2002-2006, 75 free-ranging wild carnivores were captured in the Pantanal and serum samples were collected. In addition, samples from 103 domestic dogs and 23 horses in the region were collected. Serum samples were tested for the presence of Leptospira antibodies using the microscopic agglutination test. Thirty-two wild carnivores (42.7 percent) were considered positive with titres > 100, and 18 domestic dogs (17.5 percent) and 20 horses (74.1 percent) were also found to be positive. Our study showed that horses, dogs and several species of free-ranging wild carnivores have been exposed to Leptospira spp in the Pantanal, suggesting that the peculiar characteristics of this biome, such as high temperatures and an extended period of flooding, may favour bacterial persistence and transmission. In this region, wild carnivores and horses seem to be important hosts for the epidemiology of Leptospira species.


Subject(s)
Animals , Animals, Wild , Disease Reservoirs , Dogs , Horses , Leptospira/immunology , Antibodies, Bacterial/blood , Brazil , Carnivora , Disease Reservoirs , Disease Reservoirs/veterinary , Seasons
20.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 28(3): 223-228, jun. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-597591

ABSTRACT

In Chile, in 1985 rabies was detected in insectivorous bats. Since then the epidemiological surveillance activities was extended to these species and the epidemiological pattern was characterized as endemic in bats. In this study we analyzed positive rabies cases in the Metropolitan Region between 2000 and 2009. We identified 325 cases of rabies in 11.472 analyzed samples. We determined an increase of positivity cases in bats between the years of the study. Places with the highest number of positives cases were Las Condes, Santiago, Providencia, Puente Alto and Ñuñoa. In 147 cases we identify the circumstances in which the bat was found: 89 inside, 45 outside the building and 13 in public spaces. In 39 cases there was contact with humans or animals. These results reinforce the relevance of educating the population against the contact with bats and allow health authorities to take early surveillance and control measures.


En Chile, en 1985, se detectó por primera vez rabia en murciélagos insectívoros. Desde entonces, las acciones de vigilancia epidemiológica se ampliaron hacia estas especies, caracterizándose el patrón epidemiológico como una endemia en quirópteros. En este estudio se analizaron epidemiológicamente los casos positivos a rabia en la Región Metropolitana, entre los años 2000 y 2009. Se identificaron 325 casos de rabia en murciélagos de un total de 11.472 analizados. Se determinó un aumento de positividad en los murciélagos entre los años analizados. Las comunas con mayor número de positivos fueron Las Condes, Santiago, Providencia, Puente Alto y Ñuñoa. En 147 casos se señalan las circunstancias en que se encontró el murciélago: 89 al interior, 45 al exterior del inmueble y 13 en la vía pública. En 39 casos hubo contacto con personas o animales. Estos resultados reafirman la importancia de la educación de la población frente al contacto con murciélagos y permiten a las autoridades sanitarias tomar las medidas de vigilancia y control en forma oportuna.


Subject(s)
Adult , Animals , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Chiroptera/virology , Disease Reservoirs/veterinary , Rabies virus/isolation & purification , Rabies/veterinary , Chile/epidemiology , Rabies/epidemiology , Rabies/transmission , Urban Population
SELECTION OF CITATIONS
SEARCH DETAIL